Spermatophyta: Monocotyledonae: Poales

Poaceae - Grass family

Graminae

Bennett, K.E. (1980) Keys to Zimbabwean grass species. Kirkia 11(2) 169-286

Clayton, W.D. (1970) Poaceae Flora of Tropical East Africa Part 1

Clayton, W.D. (1989) Poaceae Flora Zambesiaca 10(3)

Clayton, W.D. & Renvoize, S.A. (1982) Poaceae Flora of Tropical East Africa Part 3

Clayton, W.D. & Renvoize, S.A. (1986) Genera Graminum. Grasses of the World. HMSO, London

Clayton, W.D. et al. (1974) Poaceae Flora of Tropical East Africa Part 2

Cope, T.A. (1999) Poaceae Flora Zambesiaca 10(2)

Cope, T.A. (2002) Poaceae Flora Zambesiaca 10(4)

Gibbs Russell, G.E. et al. (1990) Grasses of Southern Africa. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria

Launert, E. (1971) Poaceae Flora Zambesiaca 10(1)

Description of the family

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely woody, often with rhizomes or stolons. Culms usually cylindric, usually hollow but solid at the nodes. Leaves: alternate, 2-ranked, simple, consisting of sheath, ligule and lamina; sheath surrounding the stem, usually open; ligule usually present at junction of sheath and lamina, membranous, a row of hairs or 0; lamina linear to filiform, rarely lanceolate or ovate. Inflorescence consisting of numerous spikelets arranged in a spike, raceme or panicle. The basic unit of the inflorescence is the spikelet, consisting of a number of florets arranged distichously along an axis (rhachilla). At the base of the spikelet are 2 (rarely 0, 1 or more than 2) empty bracts (glumes). Each floret is enclosed within an outer bract (lemma) and an inner bracteole (palea). The palea is usually membranous and 2-keeled, the lemma is usually tougher and often awned. The lemma, palea and flowering parts are together called the floret. Flowers usually bisexual, but sometimes unisexual. Perianth represented by 2(–3) minute hyaline fleshy scales (lodicules). The base of the spikelet or floret may have a horny prolongation downwards (callus). Stamens (1-)3(-6); anthers versatile. Ovary superior, 1-locular with 1 ovule often attached to the adaxial side of the loculus, to a point or line visible in fruit as the hilum. Styles (1-)2(-3), generally with plumose stigmas. Fruit 1-seeded, usually a caryopsis, rarely with seed free from the pericarp.

Worldwide: 668 genera and 9,500 species, cosmopolitan, but especially tropical and northern temperate sub-arid areas.

Botswana: 93 genera and 360 taxa.

Insects associated with this family:

Acraea johnstoni (Johnston's acraea)
Bicyclus safitza (Common bush brown (dry season form))
Bicyclus safitza (Common bush brown)
Borbo borbonica (Olive-haired swift)
Melanitis leda (Common evening brown, Twilight brown)
Utetheisa pulchella (Crimson-speckled footman)
Ypthimomorpha itonia (Marsh ringlet)
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Links to genera:     View: living plant images - herbarium specimen images - all images for this family

GenusContent
Acrachne Wight & Arn. ex Chiov.Description
Acroceras StapfDescription
Agrostis L.Description
Alloteropsis C. PreslDescription
Andropogon L.Description
Anthephora Schreb.Description
Aristida L.Description
Arundo L.Description
Bewsia Gooss.Description
Bothriochloa KuntzeDescription
Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb.Description
Brachyachne (Benth.) StapfDescription
Cenchrus L.Description
Centropodia Rchb.Description
Chloris Sw.Description
Chrysopogon Trin.Description
Coelachyrum Hochst. & NeesDescription
Craspedorhachis Benth.Description
Cymbopogon Spreng.Description
Cynodon Rich.Description
Dactyloctenium Willd.Description
Danthoniopsis StapfDescription
Dichanthium WillemetDescription
Digitaria HallerDescription
Diheteropogon (Hack.) StapfDescription
Dinebra Jacq.Description
Echinochloa P. Beauv.Description
Eleusine Gaertn.Description
Elionurus Kunth ex Willd.Description
Elymandra StapfDescription
Elytrophorus P. Beauv.Description
Enneapogon Desv. ex P. Beauv.Description
Enteropogon NeesDescription, Image
Entolasia StapfDescription
Eragrostis WolfDescription
Eriochloa KunthDescription
Eriochrysis P. Beauv.Description, Image
Eulalia KunthDescription
Eustachys Desv.Description
Fingerhuthia NeesDescription
Hackelochloa KuntzeDescription
Hemarthria R.Br.Description
Heteropogon Pers.Description, Image
Hyparrhenia Fourn.Description
Hyperthelia ClaytonDescription
Imperata CirilloDescription
Ischaemum L.Description, Image
Leersia Sw.Description
Leptocarydion StapfDescription
Leptochloa P. Beauv.Description
Lintonia StapfDescription, Image
Loudetia Steud.Description
Megaloprotachne C.E. Hubb.Description
Melinis P. Beauv.Description
Microchloa R.Br.Description
Miscanthus AnderssonDescription
Monocymbium StapfDescription
Odyssea StapfDescription
Oplismenus P. Beauv.Description
Oropetium Trin.Description
Oryza L.Description
Oryzidium C.E. Hubb. & Schweick.Description
Panicum L.Description
Paspalidium StapfDescription
Paspalum L.Description
Perotis AitonDescription
Phragmites Adans.Description
Pogonarthria StapfDescription
Polypogon Desf.Description
Rottboellia L.f.Description
Sacciolepis NashDescription
Sartidia De WinterDescription
Schizachyrium NeesDescription
Schmidtia Steud. ex J.A. SchmidtDescription
Sehima Forssk.Description
Setaria P. Beauv.Description
Sorghastrum NashDescription
Sorghum MoenchDescription
Sporobolus R. Br.Description
Stereochlaena Hack.Description
Stipagrostis NeesDescription
Themeda Forssk.Description
Trachypogon NeesDescription, Image
Tragus HallerDescription
Tricholaena Schrad. ex Schult. & Schult. f.Description
Trichoneura AnderssonDescription
Tripogon Roem. & Schult.Description
Triraphis R. Br.Description
Tristachya NeesDescription
Urelytrum Hack.Description
Urochloa P. Beauv.Description, Image
Vossia Wall. & Griff.Description
Willkommia Hack.Description

Other sources of information about Poaceae:

Our websites:

Flora of Botswana: cultivated Poaceae
Flora of Caprivi: Poaceae
Flora of Caprivi: cultivated Poaceae
Flora of Malawi: Poaceae
Flora of Malawi: cultivated Poaceae
Flora of Mozambique: Poaceae
Flora of Mozambique: cultivated Poaceae
Flora of Zambia: Poaceae
Flora of Zambia: cultivated Poaceae
Flora of Zimbabwe: Poaceae
Flora of Zimbabwe: cultivated Poaceae

External websites:

African Plants: A Photo Guide (Senckenberg): Poaceae
BHL (Biodiversity Heritage Library): Poaceae
EOL (Encyclopedia of Life): Poaceae
GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility): Poaceae
Google: Web - Images - Scholar
iNaturalist: Poaceae
IPNI (International Plant Names Index): Poaceae
JSTOR Plant Science: Poaceae
Mansfeld World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: Poaceae
Wikipedia: Poaceae
Plants of the World Online: Poaceae
Tropicos: Poaceae



Copyright: Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten, Petra Ballings and Meg Coates Palgrave, 2014-24

Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. & Coates Palgrave, M. (2024). Flora of Botswana: Family page: Poaceae.
https://www.botswanaflora.com/speciesdata/family.php?family_id=177, retrieved 19 March 2024

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